Hijrah: Difference between revisions
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:''For other uses see [[Hijra]].'' |
:''For other uses see [[Hijra]].'' |
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The '''Hijra''' (هِجْرَة), or withdrawal, is the emigration of [[Muhammad]] and his followers to the city of [[Medina]] in |
The '''Hijra''' (هِجْرَة), or withdrawal, is the emigration of [[Muhammad]] and his followers to the city of [[Medina]] in 16th July [[622]], and marks the start of the [[Islamic calendar]]. |
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==[[Etymology ]]== |
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Wile sometimes translated as "pilgrimage," Hijra means something like "severing relational ties". A even closer English equivalent could be, "running away from home" or "divorcing your relatives" |
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It generaly conotes a migration, specificaly the migration of Muhammad from [[Mecca]] to [[Medina]] |
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Alternate spellings of this [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word in the [[Latin alphabet]] are '''Hijrah''', or '''Hegira''' in [[Latin]]. |
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==History== |
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[[Muhammad]], preaching the doctrines of one [[God]] (called [[Allah]]) and the threat of the Day of Judgment, did not at first have much success in the city of [[Mecca]]. His tribe, the [[Quraysh]], which was in charge of the [[Kaaba]], persecuted and harassed him continuously. |
[[Muhammad]], preaching the doctrines of one [[God]] (called [[Allah]]) and the threat of the Day of Judgment, did not at first have much success in the city of [[Mecca]]. His tribe, the [[Quraysh]], which was in charge of the [[Kaaba]], persecuted and harassed him continuously. |
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He and his followers emigrated to the city of Yathrib, 320 km north of Mecca, in September [[622]]. Yathrib was soon renamed Madinat un-Nabi, the City of the Prophet, Medina in English. The Muslim year during which the Hijra occurred was designated the first year of the [[Islamic calendar]] by [[Umar]] in [[638]], 17 AH (''anno hegirae'' = "in the year of the hijra"). In the following chronology the city will be referred to as Medina, and the region surrounding it as Yathrib. |
He and his followers emigrated to the city of Yathrib, 320 km north of Mecca, in September [[622]]. Yathrib was soon renamed Madinat un-Nabi, the City of the Prophet, Medina in English. The Muslim year during which the Hijra occurred was designated the first year of the [[Islamic calendar]] by [[Umar]] in [[638]], 17 AH (''anno hegirae'' = "in the year of the hijra"). In the following chronology the city will be referred to as Medina, and the region surrounding it as Yathrib. |
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[[Hakim Muhammad Said]] wrote: |
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:''The Hijra took place on Tuesday, Rabi 1, 8th. The first of that year -that is, al-Muharram-fell on a Thursday according to the average (calculation). |
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:''After this had become generally known, it was considered (the correct date). However, according to observation (of the new moon) and astronomical(?) calculation, the day fell on a Friday. The author of the Nihayat al-idrak said that (the Hijra) was used, and for all future times the era was counted from it. Agreement on this matter was reached in the year 17 of the Hijra, the fourth year of the caliphate of 'Umar. Until then, each year (after the Hijra) was called after its main event, and this was used for dating purposes. The first year of the Prophet's residence in Medina was thus called: 'The permission to travel'. The second year was called: 'The year of the command to fight'. The third year: 'The year of the test', and so on. Afterwards, the custom of naming the year after the main events was abandoned. [http://www.islamonline.net/English/Science/2002/11/article02.shtml] [http://al-islam.org/al-serat/hijrah.htm] |
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== Chronology of the Hijra == |
== Chronology of the Hijra == |
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Revision as of 00:54, 13 December 2005
- For other uses see Hijra.
The Hijra (هِجْرَة), or withdrawal, is the emigration of Muhammad and his followers to the city of Medina in 16th July 622, and marks the start of the Islamic calendar.
Wile sometimes translated as "pilgrimage," Hijra means something like "severing relational ties". A even closer English equivalent could be, "running away from home" or "divorcing your relatives"
It generaly conotes a migration, specificaly the migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina
Alternate spellings of this Arabic word in the Latin alphabet are Hijrah, or Hegira in Latin.
History
Muhammad, preaching the doctrines of one God (called Allah) and the threat of the Day of Judgment, did not at first have much success in the city of Mecca. His tribe, the Quraysh, which was in charge of the Kaaba, persecuted and harassed him continuously.
He and his followers emigrated to the city of Yathrib, 320 km north of Mecca, in September 622. Yathrib was soon renamed Madinat un-Nabi, the City of the Prophet, Medina in English. The Muslim year during which the Hijra occurred was designated the first year of the Islamic calendar by Umar in 638, 17 AH (anno hegirae = "in the year of the hijra"). In the following chronology the city will be referred to as Medina, and the region surrounding it as Yathrib.
Hakim Muhammad Said wrote:
- The Hijra took place on Tuesday, Rabi 1, 8th. The first of that year -that is, al-Muharram-fell on a Thursday according to the average (calculation).
- After this had become generally known, it was considered (the correct date). However, according to observation (of the new moon) and astronomical(?) calculation, the day fell on a Friday. The author of the Nihayat al-idrak said that (the Hijra) was used, and for all future times the era was counted from it. Agreement on this matter was reached in the year 17 of the Hijra, the fourth year of the caliphate of 'Umar. Until then, each year (after the Hijra) was called after its main event, and this was used for dating purposes. The first year of the Prophet's residence in Medina was thus called: 'The permission to travel'. The second year was called: 'The year of the command to fight'. The third year: 'The year of the test', and so on. Afterwards, the custom of naming the year after the main events was abandoned. [1] [2]
Chronology of the Hijra
- Day 1: Thursday 26 Safar AH 1, 9 September 622
- Left home in Mecca. Stayed three days in the Cave of Thawr near Mecca.
- Day 5: Monday 1 Rabi' I AH 1, 13 September 622
- Left the environs of Mecca. Traveled to the region of Yathrib.
- Day 12: Monday 8 Rabi' I AH 1, 20 September 622
- Arrived at Quba' near Medina.
- Day 16: Friday 12 Rabi' I AH 1, 24 September 622
- First visit to Medina for Friday prayers.
- Day 26: Monday 22 Rabi' I AH 1, 4 October 622
- Moved from Quba' to Medina.
The Muslim dates are in the Islamic calendar extended back in time. The Western dates are in the Julian calendar. The Hijra is celebrated annually on 8 Rabi' I, about 66 days after 1 Muharram, the first day of the Muslim year. Many writers confuse the first day of the year of the Hijra with the Hijra itself, erroneously stating that the Hijra occurred on 1 Muharram AH 1 or 16 July 622.
All dates given above may have occurred about 89 days (three lunar months) earlier in the Julian calendar. The calendar conversions quoted above may not have been corrected by early Muslims for the intercalary months (probably three) which had been inserted in the lunar calendar between the year of the Hijra and the year of Muhammad's last Hajj (AH 10), when intercalary months were forbidden.
See also
Reference
- F. A. Shamsi, "The Date of Hijrah", Islamic Studies 23 (1984): 189-224, 289-323.